Importance of environment in points

Earth is objectively speaking, the best planet, what is the importance of environment? We’ve got oceans filled with things that look like this, and this, and also this, towering forests full of things that literally eat light and air, clouds, rainbows, clouds that look like rainbows, adorable sloths, funky looking caterpillars, and a universe of invisible tiny things that can do everything from make food to power the cycle of nitrogen on this here hunk of rock.

This beautiful, weird, corner of the universe has everything a person could need - and that’s because of the environment. 

What is the importance of environment?

Well, it’s everything. And we humans depend on it for our literal existence. So don’t you think you should learn a little more about it? In this series of lessons on environmental science Miriam and I are going to explore all the ways humans interact with and rely on the environment.

Welcome to the Essentials of Environmental Science!

Environmental science is an interdisciplinary scientific approach to studying the Earth’s natural systems, human impacts on those systems, and potential solutions to environmental problems. People who work in the field of environmental science draw on aspects of biology, chemistry, economics, politics, human geography, urban planning, the list goes on, in their study of the natural world importance of environment in human life.

The scope of environmental science has steadily broadened over the last 100 years: starting from anthopocentrism - a human-centered worldview which has its roots in the European societies from which most modern scientific practices descend. Then into biocentrism - which ascribes value to human and non-human life, and finally into ecocentrism - which values the well-being of entire ecosystems including all the living and nonliving elements.

These three terms: anthropocentrism, biocentrism, and ecocentrism, describe standards of environmental ethics.

Depending on a culture’s - or a scientist’s - worldview, the environmental ethic will influence what questions are asked and what value we put on the answers. Today’s environmental problems, from water pollution to endangered species to climate change, require us to look for answers through the broadest lens: the ecocentric ethic. Humans have had a huge impact on our natural world, especially since the Industrial Revolution.

One 2011 article put it this way: “for better or for worse, the earth system now functions in ways unpredictable without understanding how human systems function and how they interact with and control earth system processes.” To truly understand environmental systems and human impact, it is important to not simply study an organism, like an endangered species, or a pollution source, like an oil spill, in isolation.

Instead, we should try to understand natural or human-caused disruptions to the environment from an ecocentric approach–looking at the bigger systems at play. If you learn one thing from watching our series on environmental science, make it this: We humans benefit from the environment, but we are also part of it.

That means our actions can and do affect Earth systems, so a lot of environmental science focuses on how to protect, preserve, and restore the systems human activity degrades. One way scientists do this is by constructing models to represent natural systems and all of their interconnected factors. Models are powerful scientific tools with the ability to both explain and what is the importance of environment.

A model could be code on a computer that recreates the physical processes of the earth’s climate, but it can also be a chart or graphic that represents the carbon cycle. Here’s a model of the planet’s hydrologic cycle. Environmental science helps us to understand how all the living and nonliving components are interrelated. Rain falls, runs into surface waters or down into the groundwater. Or, the water can be taken up by plants for photosynthesis.

This model represents all these actions with squiggly lines and rain drops. However, like any scientific model, it’s not perfect. It cannot possibly represent everything going on at any one time. The only thing that can do that is the earth itself. But even though we can’t run global-scale experiments, a model does allow us to predict what would happen if something in the system changed. For example, importance of environment in human life, this model would predict that there will be less evapotranspiration from the trees into the atmosphere.

We could then expect to measure less water vapor in the atmosphere around that location. So, models help us to understand, one, a system, two, how natural and human disturbances occur, and three how, where, or when to measure those changes. It is through this process that environmental science can analyze and address environmental problems.

Now - I know I just said that you don’t want to look at a single organism exclusively, but it is probably easier to start thinking about how biotic, or living, and abiotic, or non-living, components fit into a system, by beginning with one example. Let’s use a single white-tailed deer, a member of the species Odocoileus virginianus to define some terms and look at how an ecosystem works.

Biologists define species in a number of ways, but one common definition of species is a group of organisms that can successfully reproduce with each other. A group of individuals of that species of deer living in a particular area is called a population.

But this population of deer isn’t alone in an empty void. They’re hanging out, at the same time and the same place, with lots of other populations – like pine trees, fungi, squirrels, or bats. Together, an ecological community is a group of populations living in one area at a particular time, interacting with one another.

If you add in all the abiotic components, like the air, rocks, water, and even something like the temperature, then you’ve got an ecosystem. When studying a single species, like a white-tailed deer or an African elephant, nothing works in isolation; therefore, we can’t study anything in isolation, so researchers need to consider all the abiotic and biotic components of that species and its ecosystem together. Think about it: Organisms in a tropical rainforest have adapted to different conditions than those in a savannah, or a tundra, a desert, or in temperate grasslands.

We call these different broad regions of the planet, defined by their patterns of rainfall and temperature, biomes. Latitude - the distance north or south from the equator - can be a useful tool in determining where certain biomes exist. It is no surprise that the hot, humid conditions all along the equator created tropical rainforest biomes around the world.

At higher latitudes, the cooler parts of the world, you’re more likely to find biomes like tundra or the boreal forest. This graph, created by ecologist Robert Whittaker, represents the different major terrestrial biomes. The y-axis is average precipitation and the x-axis is average temperature. Whittaker’s graph works because terrestrial biomes are mainly defined by their temperature and precipitation patterns, however, this doesn’t tell us much about the wide variety of aquatic ecosystems that exist in oceans, rivers, lakes, swamps, coral reefs, and marshes.

Aquatic ecosystems are defined by things like salinity, water flow, and depth. This all kind of feels like a bunch of definitions, but they are important to understand, because everything from prehistoric to modern life as we know it was constructed in and around these natural systems. We humans benefit immensely from all aspects of the natural world. We depend on earth’s systems for clean air to breathe, clean water to drink, and fertile soil in which to grow crops.

We also place aesthetic and cultural value onto our natural resources through poetry, songs, and paintings dedicated to and inspired by nature. All together, this practically endless list of benefits that the natural world provides are called ecosystem services. Here’s an example to get your head around ecosystem services: the oceans are full of fish, what is the importance of environment.

But, that isn’t the only service the ocean provides, it absorbs lots of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, helping to regulate the entire planet’s climate. And a huge portion of the oxygen we breathe comes from photosynthetic marine plankton. The ocean also serves as a highway system for transporting goods from country to country on cargo ships, and we even harness the energy of waves and tides to generate electricity. Biodiversity, in all its forms, is an area that especially demands protection importance of environment in human life.

There are three main types of biodiversity

• Genetic diversity within a population,
• Species richness - species diversity within an ecosystem,
• Ecosystem diversity in an area.

A population with large genetic diversity has greater potential to adapt to environmental changes. High species richness makes an ecosystem more stable, and better able to recover from disturbances. And an area with a rich diversity of habitats and ecosystems can support a more robust and stable community of organisms. So biodiversity overall helps an ecosystem be more resistant and resilient in the face of environmental changes, whether they’re natural hazards or human impacts.

An ecosystem with high biodiversity is like a giant, well-spun spider’s web: lots and lots of interconnected points. If the web has a little rip in one area, it can probably still function, because it is supported and held together by hundreds of other strands woven together.

But if the web is only made of two or three strands, then the same small rip could collapse the entire web. Within that ecosystem web, species constantly interact with each other and those relationships have shaped those species evolution. And some of the most important evolutionary relationships are predator/prey relationships: Who’s eating who.

Food webs and trophic pyramids are both scientific models which represent how predators and their prey interact within an ecosystem, but they emphasize different things. The arrows in a food web map the flow of energy and nutrients within the system, which in general goes from plants, to primary consumers, to secondary consumers. On the other hand, the pyramid helps to quantify how energy moves between different trophic levels – from producers all the way up to apex predators – and emphasizes why there are proportionally fewer species as you move up the pyramid.

In other words, why there’s always more mice than eagles, and why it takes so much grass to make a cow. Another important ecosystem relationship is competition. Limited resources, like food or nesting sites, can cause competition. This can be within species - intraspecific competition - or between different species - interspecific competition.

Elephants and giraffes may experience interspecific competition for water in an arid climate. Two trees of the same species can experience intraspecific competition for sunlight needed for photosynthesis. These competitive pressures for limited resources are strong driving forces for natural selection, and individuals with the adaptations to get more resources tend to survive better. A final major way in which different species interact is symbiosis.

Generally symbiosis is broken into three categories: one, parasitism in which one species benefits and the other is harmed, like a tapeworm in a dog’s intestine. Two, mutualism. In a mutualistic relationship both species benefit, like bees pollinating flowers. And three, commensalism, where one species benefits and the other isn’t necessarily affected.

Whales don’t really care about the barnacles on their skin, but the barnacles rely on the whales for a lot. All these types of interactions–predator/prey, competition, symbiosis–influence how a population grows. Here’s a model representing the growth of a population of squirrels in a city park. If we look at how that population changes over time, we see that it experiences lots of growth early on, when a pair of squirrels first discover this amazing new park, but then eventually the population reaches its carrying capacity. Carrying capacity, which is normally written as an uppercase K, is the maximum number of organisms (of one species) that an area can sustain. In our city park here, the carrying capacity is about 65 squirrels, but if we head underground, the carrying capacity for earthworms is probably in the millions. Food, space, and the threat of predation help to define a population’s carrying capacity. And because squirrels and earthworms require different resources - that’s why they have such different carrying capacities.

On the flipside from population growth or upper limits, when the numbers of a particular species are low enough that it might become extinct, we consider that species endangered. Some qualities make certain species more at risk than others of becoming endangered or extinct. Like size: large organisms with big home ranges and habitat needs like elephants or grizzly bears are at greater risk; or specialization: super specialized organisms with specific dietary needs or habitat requirements like pandas and koalas are also at greater risk.

And reproduction rates: organisms who reproduce slowly and require many years of parental care, like blue whales or a mountain gorilla, they’re at greater risk too. Contrast those species with something like a… cockroach, which reproduces early and prolifically and are more generalists than specialists when it comes to diet and habitat. Being able to quickly reproduce is an evolutionary advantage that maximizes the chance that a random genetic mutation will help an individual survive a disturbance. An African Elephant, with its much slower reproduction rate and specialized habitat, does not have that evolutionary capacity for change on a rapid scale.

So some species need more protection than others - how do we do that? In the United States, we have the Endangered Species Act, which protects not only the species, but also its habitat. This is crucial because without its habitat, that species cannot exist in nature. Hopefully, by now I’ve done my job and showed why it is so important to protect species, habitats, and biodiversity.

What are we protecting biodiversity from?

The main anthropogenic, or human, threats to biodiversity can be summarized by the acronym HIPPCO: Habitat Destruction, Invasive Species, Population Growth, Pollution, Climate Change, and Overexploitation. Starting with Habitat loss: Simply put, if an organism loses its habitat, it cannot survive. Related to habitat loss is the concept of habitat fragmentation.

Let’s say that this snake requires this much area for its habitat. But then people show up and build a road here, a few houses there, a mall over here. There’s still some patches of our snake friend’s natural habitat, but they’re separated from each other. This separation reduces the ability of individual organisms to reach each other and will reduce the genetic diversity of the population.

When considering habitat loss and fragmentation, we also need to think about scale. Human land use affects different organisms in different ways. Consider the differences in home ranges between a small anole lizard - maybe no more than 100 square meters - and a grizzly bear, which requires up to 1600 square kilometers of territory.

Next: Invasive species

That are not native to an area but end up there nonetheless -often because of people - are another huge threat to biodiversity. Burmese Pythons in the Everglades, lionfish in coral reefs (both of which are a result of humans releasing their pets), or even kudzu vines in the southeastern US, an imported plant “pet” that escaped gardens, are all invasive species.

Because they usually don’t have natural predators in their new environments, populations of invasive species can explode and outcompete native species. The presence of lionfish can reduce the number of smaller fish on a coral reef by almost 80%. On to Pollution, which is both a visible and invisible threat to biodiversity.

You can see an oil spill actively harming wildlife and damaging habitats. But a lot of pollution isn’t quite as obvious: like, sulfur or lead in the air or pharmaceuticals or other toxins in the water. One of the greatest sources of pollution right now is the use of fossil fuels; when burned, oil, gas, and coal release tons of air pollutants AND dangerous greenhouse gases that lead to climate change.

Climate change is the focus of this entire channel - and it’ll get its own episode in this series. But, I want to point out right now that global warming and climate change are affecting more than human lives. Rising temperatures, more acidic oceans, and the many other impacts of climate are also affecting wildlife biodiversity in a big way.

Coral reefs are bleaching at an increasing rate as warmer ocean temperatures cause tiny coral animals to expel the symbiotic algae that provide them with a majority of their food. And after a bleaching event - if the algae don’t come back, the coral will die. Finally, using living natural resources at a faster rate than they can reproduce is overexploitation.

Catching fish quicker than they can make baby fish collapses fisheries - and the related fishing industry that relies on them. Killing elephants for their ivory will decimate a population quicker than it can repopulate. When environmental science can identify overexploitation, laws, policies, and international treaties can come in to help regulate our consumption of these resources and protect biodiversity. So as you can see environmental science is a large and diverse field of study that encompasses many different scientific disciplines at various scales from the microscopic to the macroscopic.

Which is pretty fitting, because the environment itself is this thing that is everywhere?

And while one of the main lessons you should take from these videos is that humans are not separate from these natural systems, what is the importance of environment: one, we rely on ecosystems and the numerous types of services they provide in order to support our own populations and civilizations. And two, as the species with the most influence, and as far as we know the most intelligence on Earth, we are also in a unique position to study and preserve these ecosystems for the benefit of all species.

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Ways to reduce air pollution in cities 5 tips

Nowadays, anytime outside the house whether, If we check the level of ways to reduce air pollution in cities,

Then as an average we will get a figure near about 300 which is at the danger level and we know what problem we are facing with pollution but instead of doing something.

Why we blame the Government?

The government is doing what it is doing but the question is how much we are doing this content, in solving this problem how to stop air pollution.

There was a time when we used to get traffic on certain period of time but any time you leave today, there is traffic jam everywhere.

I want to say 5 tips

If we follow them, then we can easily reduce the level of traffic and ways to stop air pollution.

No. 1 Most important we must introduce bicycle in our lifestyle if we want to reduce the pollution level my last video was based on this topic on how we can add cycling to our routine.

No. 2 parents also have to understand that they are giving motorbikes & scooters to their children’s persistence. They probably doesn’t know how their children keep stunts on motorbikes & scooters outside of school, college and institute don’t know who tries to impress.

So if your children are studying then convince them to take bicycles, tell them how bicycle is perfect for keeping their physics fit instead of motorbike & scooter. If you have extra money, then invest it in the right place. And please exclude a fictional story from your mind that bicycle is only for small minded people.

Nowadays bicycle is becoming status symbol like the Iphone, so please wake up & smell the coffee.

No. 3 with your mind also excludes the fable that public transport is only made for poor The government is doing its best to promote public transport, whether it is metro, ac buses or e-rickshaw but we also have to help the government by using them ways to stop air pollution.

So please start using them by putting your ego in the house with a car and a motorbike, which will save your money and also our environment.

No. 4 whether every person is doing a study or a job is his own friend circle So everyone has to convince his friend that he would replace his mode of transport with a bicycle, for his personal use whether to go to the market, go to the gym or to hang out with friends.

Nowadays friends have also been misinterpreted that a person takes a scooter or motorbike and simultaneously convince his friends to take it too, whereby we could hand out together

Guys, it is also a reason that the counting of two wheelers is increasing nowadays because everyone wants to hang out on their personal vehicle that’s ways to reduce air pollution in cities.

So guys, rather than spreading your wrong thoughts to friends convince them to buy bicycle. That all of them can contribute in saving their physic, saving their money & our environment.

No. 5 I don’t know about further but at least until the 10th class economics has all been and in it we have been taught that if anything is to reduce the price, then decrease its demand.

So guys, regardless of what the government is trying on its behalf but if we want to reduce the price of fuel then its intake will also be reduced.

So it’s my request to ways to reduce air pollution in citiesin your routine, because if this continues, then the fuel price will be increased along with traffic on the road ahead And the time is not far away when you have to think 10 times before using your vehicle.

Guys this is the right time to save your money, save fuel, save environment by introducing cycling in your lifestyle. So guys these were my 5 tips, if we have to save our city from ways to reduce air pollution in cities and traffic, then we have to try ourselves to make changes in our daily routine.

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Preventive measures of noise pollution and causes effects

The noise pollution (regulation and control) rules

Noise pollution is unwant sound. Which interferes with communication preventive measures of noise pollution.  Recreation or sleep at work is normally created through human activities. Like industries transportation construction work or the use of electrical and electronic devices. Gadgets unlike other forms of pollution like air water or pollution. Therefore cause by harmful material noise does not remain in the environment for long.

Effect is immediate annoyance 

They are overview as far as their impact on health is concern in this programme. Because we will discuss the effect of noise pollution on health and also the possible. Above all steps that can be take for decreasing control measures of noise pollution acceptable sound.

Levels only some

Levels of sound in the atmosphere are acceptable to the human. Ear sounds that go beyond these levels. Almost, noise according to Kellis burger at all 1973 the acceptable.

Sound levels for various places

Residential area bedroom 25 decimals living room 40 decibels commercial. Area office 30 to 45 decibels conference 40 to 45 decibels. Restaurants 40 to 60 decibels industrial area workshop 40 to 60 decibels. Laboratory 40 to 50 decibels educational area classroom 30 to 40 decibels. Library 35 to 45 decibels but according to the Environment Protection.

The standard limits of sound of various places in India

Industrial area day time 75 decibels and night time 70 decibels. Commercial area day time 65 decibels night time 55 decibels. Residential area day time 55 decibels night time 45 decibels.
Silent zone day time 50 decibels and night time 40 decibels.

Noise exposure duration and intensity

Continues exposure to sound is always harmful to the hearing system. There is a level beyond which it creates pollution. The degree of hearing loss depends on the duration and intensity of sound. The largest exposure limit for various sound levels is 80 decibel sound for 12 hours. 90 decibels for 8 hours 93 decibels for 4 hours 96 decibels. 2 hours 99 decibels for 1 hour 100 decibels for 30 minutes 105 decibels measures to reduce noise pollution. 15 minutes 108 decibels for 7 minutes 111 decibels. For 3 and a half minutes 114 decibels for 2 minutes 115 decibels. 1 minute 118 decibels for 30 seconds 124 decibels for 15 seconds 127 decibels. 4.2 seconds 130 decibels for 2 seconds 133 decibels. 1 second and 135 decibels for 0.6 seconds.

The effect of various intensities of sound on human

Hearing is less than 25 decibels no problem in hearing 25 to 40 decibels. Problem in hearing of soft speech 40 to 50 decibels. Normal speech 55 to 70 decibels. 70 to 90 decibels only shouted. Speech can understood more than 90 decibels unable to hear intensity of noise. Impacts human health in various ways. 80 decibel is considere as annoy 90 decibels hearing damage for 8 hours. 95 decibels is very annoying 100 decibels stimulation of reception in skin. 120 decibels pain threshold 130 235 decibels measures to reduce noise pollution.
Nausea vomiting dizziness interference with touch 140 decibels. Plane in the year insanity in cases of prolonged exposure. 150 decibels burning of skin changes in pulse rate 160 decibels. Other minor permanent damage 180 decibels eardrum rupture and other permanent damage. 190 decibels lung damage impact of noise pollution on human body. Noise pollution impacts human body in various ways preventive measures of noise pollution.
It creates excretory disorders influencing the quantity of urine. Excreted due to the presence of Kito steroids it leads to respiratory. Disorders making it difficult for a person to breathe integumentary. System is also, affected decreasing the power of resistance of the skin. Causing dryness of the skin and creating cracks the nervous system.

Brain fatigue sleep interference abnormal

Conscious states and decreased sensation it causes auditory. Disorders like deafness and auditory fatigue optical disorders include. Dilation of the pupil and muscular tension sound pollution causes effects and control measures.
Digestive disorders leading to gastrointestinal. So problems may also occur the cardiovascular system is affect with disturbed. Blood flow disturbed pulse rate disturbed heart rate and disturbed. BP impact of noise pollution on human behavior noise. Pollution affects human behavior as well by disturbing peace.

Creating annoyance

Creating anxiety aggression depression mental disorientation lack of concentration. Reducing work efficiency interference in enjoyment and errors in judgment. Impact of preventive measures of noise pollution on wildlife the results of noise.
Pollution on by life our migration of birds from the noise. Habitat zoo animals like deer lions and rabbits become dull and inactive. And they health deteriorates effects food habits. Similarly, effects mating behavior stress reaction due to dysfunction of endocrine. Glands like thymus and adrenal impact of noise pollution on nonliving matter measures to reduce noise pollution.
Vibration originating from high intensity noise causes. Shattering of window panes loosening of plaster of house walls. Cracks in walls cracks in household crockery depreciation of residential property. Located near airports highways industrial areas. control of noise pollution. Noise pollution can be reduce or controlled.

Various methods noise can be controll

At source by using silencing devices in noise producing equipments keeping. The noise producing equipments at a distance choosing machines or equipments. That produce less noise conducting noisy. Operations in the open or away from residential areas keeping industrial. Area away from residential area using electric or battery-operated devices. In place of petrol or diesel operated devices.

Control of noise at transmission

Level various kinds of barriers are available which absorb noise. Because these can be use to reduce sound pollution. Some of these barriers and their sound absorbing capacities are asbestos. 0.6 mm twenty six decibels brickworks 11.6 mm 40 decibels.
Fireboard 1.2 mm 18 decibels plywood 0.6 mm 21 decibels. Cement slab 7.6 mm 35 decibels let sheet 0.5 mm 15 decibels. Plastic board 1.3 mm 12 decibels compressed wood 5 mm 28 decibels. Chipboard 1.8 mm 26 decibels clinker blocks 7.5 mm 23 decibels.
Curtains 0.25 mm 22 decibels protection from sound pollution. Earplugs earmuffs persons who are bound to be expose to sounds. Pollution levels maybe can use earplugs and earmuffs as protection devices.
Plantation trees and bushes have the quality to absorb noise and reduce. So, The intensity of sound thus plantation around the house and industries. Can reduce the level of measures to reduce noise pollution.

Through education and awareness

Awareness can be create in people through education camps and programs. About the adverse effect of noise pollution use of legislation. Finally use of pollution-free devices should made mandatory legislation. Can brought in for the creation of silent zones laws can be create for completely. Banning devices and activities which measures to reduce noise pollution. Levels laws like IPC 1060 sections 268278290 which defined.

Noise of resistance level and punishment

The same should be strict implemented regional laws should be enforce. Like MP control of music and noise Act 1951 the rajasthan noise control act 1963. As a result The bihar control of the use of loudspeakers act 1955 railway Act 1948. The Motor Vehicles Act 1939 and Delhi Motor Vehicles Act 1940. The Environment Protection Act 1972 noise is a silent killer of all life forms. Only self-discipline and social awareness can save.
The people from noise pollution we also need a special. Declaration for noise pollution because, the Stockholm declaration of 1972. Which deals with preventive measures of noise pollution does not consider noise as a pollutant noise. Pollution needs to be recognize as a source of environmental. Because,Pollution and only then can effective steps be take for protecting. The environment and the health of all life-forms.

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Environmental concerns and analyzing problems

The top five environmental concerns in 2019

Everyone we all know that our global environmental concerns has been facing quite a few. Trucks in recent times which is a big worry for all living beings now.

After analyzing his set of problems here are.

The top five major environmental concerns in 2019. So, let us take a closer look and understand them. coming at number laws and ethics concerned to the environment.

5. Climate change increased levels of greenhouse gases are the main cause of climate. Change which results in trapping sun's heat and warming Earth's surface. Increase in oceans temperatures is impacting. The aquatic system and the rise in global sea levels reducing. The land mass that is also a reason for mass flooding.

4. Pollution it is the primary reason for many other global environmental concerns. Threats like a diversity which we will discuss later the major pollution. Types includes air water soil noise radioactive light and thermal and all. Them are interrelate so if we want to tackle one can we have to tackle them all at code.

3. It is deforestation problems like wildfire and the mass amount of timber being. Harvest for commercial use are some of the primary reasons. Responsible for clearance of large forested areas list of environmental health problems. It has been say that the loss of forest is contributing to about 15% of greenhouse gas emissions.

2. It is water but a pollution is a concern for us and our environment with the increasing. Presence of toxic materials in water bodies which could be due to house bills. The enough of plastic waste and toxic chemicals entering our waterways is degrading. The most valuable resource our planet has to offer first place goes to biodiversity.

 1. The most significant threat study third phase and is the collective. outcome of all the concerns we have discussed aiya. Diversity is the every living thing an ecosystem that makes up. The environment whether they increase in global warming pollution. Ecosystem reforestation is in danger of billions of species going or going away. Extreme all over the world it is still possible to recover from this situation. which could take place through. The implementation of sustainable choices concerns about our environment.

we all should remember helping. The global environmental concerns to remain safe will help us to have a stable present and a bright future.

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